Goiter in Brazilian modernism paintings / Bócio em pinturas da arte moderna brasileira

Objective: To evaluate Di Cavalcanti's artworks in which goiters are represented before and after the introduction of iodized salt to the Brazilian population. Methods: One hundred and thirty paintings by Di Cavalcanti from the 20's to 70's demonstrating necks were evaluated. All the paintings were observed in reproductions. The neck circumference in the paintings was measured. Since there were no standard thresholds of neck circumference, cutoffs were based on the median. Baseline characteristics of artworks were compared based on high and normal neck circumference categories using Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test, or chi square test. Results: We analyzed 29 artworks which portray the neck of 60 women (84.5%), 8 men (11.3%) and 3 children (4.2%). The analyses of the neck circumference showed 23.3% of women (14/60), 12.5% of men (1/8), and 33.3% of children (1/3) with an abnormal profile of the neck circumference. The neck circumference ratio in 29 paintings showed that the relative sizes of the necks painted between the 1920's and 1950's (r=0.45; p=0.03), and painted between the 1960's and 70's (r= 0.54; p=0.003) have linearly decreased. The decades in which the artworks were painted explained 40.0% of the variation in size of the neck circumference (p=0.002). Conclusion: Art imitates life. Di Cavalcanti was not a physician, and probably did not have the intention to illustrate a pathological condition, although the images observed in this study should be considered as goiter or enlarged neck.

Objetivo: Avaliar as obras de Di Cavalcanti em que bócios estão representados, antes e após a introdução da iodação do sal para a população brasileira. Método: Foram avaliadas 130 pinturas de Di Cavalcanti entre os anos 1920 e 1970 demonstrando pescoços. Todas as pinturas foram observadas em reproduções. A circunferência do pescoço nas pinturas foi mensurada. Como não existia limite-padrão da circunferência do pescoço, os limites foram baseados na mediana. As características básicas das obras de arte foram comparadas por categorias da circunferência do pescoço em elevadas e normais, usando o teste t de Student, o teste de Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon ou o teste qui-quadrado. Resultados: Analisamos 29 obras de arte que representavam o pescoço de 60 mulheres (84,5%), 8 homens (11,3%) e 3 crianças (4,2%). Ao analisar a circunferência do pescoço, 23,3% das mulheres (14/60), 12,5% dos homens (1/8) e 33,3% das crianças (1/3) demonstraram perfil anormal dela. A relação da circunferência do pescoço em 29 pinturas demonstrou que as circunferências do pescoço relativas aos pescoços pintados entre os anos 1920 e 1950 (r=0,45; p=0,03) e pintados entre os anos 1960 e 1970 (r=0,54; p=0,003) reduziram linearmente. As décadas em que as obra foram pintadas explicaram 40,0% da variação no tamanho da circunferência do pescoço (p=0,002). Conclusão: A arte imita a vida. Di Cavalcanti não era médico e, provavelmente, não tinha intenção de ilustrar uma condição patológica, embora as observações das imagens, neste estudo, tenham sido consideradas como bócio ou com aumento de volume do pescoço

Yodoprofilaxis, 65 años después suenan las voces del pasado / Iodine prophylaxis, voices from the past after 65 years

En el año 1953, el Dr. Felipe Rodríguez Moreno se incorpora para continuar el trabajo sobre endemia bociosa de la escuela de Granada, liderada por el Dr. Ortiz de Landázuri. En ese paisaje descubre una alta prevalencia de bocio (62% en mujeres), que se relacionaba con el tipo de dieta consumida, de tal forma que los más desfavorecidos tenían una prevalencia de bocio aún mayor. Así mismo, se encuentra una relación familiar en cuanto al bocio, de manera que los sujetos con bocio normalmente tienen un familiar en primer grado también afectado. El agua de bebida es pobre en yodo de forma generalizada, por lo que no hay diferencias significativas en la prevalencia de bocio según la fuente de la que se surtan los paisanos. Solo se encontraron dos mujeres con cretinismo y dos varones afectados de «idiocia». Por ello, cabe pensar que se trata de bocios normofuncionantes. Tras iniciar yodoprofilaxis con sal yodada en Güejar Sierra, se produce un descenso de la prevalencia de bocio de un 53% a un 13% entre los años 1953-1958 (AU)

In 1953, Dr. Felipe Rodríguez Moreno joined the Granada Research Group on Endemic Goiter, which was led by Dr. Ortiz de Landázuri. A high goiter prevalence (62% in women) was found out within the area, and that prevalence was observed to be related to the dietary habits of the time, being the most disadvantaged those who were showing a greater prevalence. A relationship between the high goiter prevalence and the family of the subjects with goiter was also found out, as they usually had a first-degree relative with affection. Iodine content of drinking water was poor throughout the area, so the prevalence was not significantly different between individuals who drank from different water sources. There were only two females with cretinism and two males affected by «idiocy», so the goiters were probably euthyroid. After introducing iodine prophylaxis with iodized salt in Güejar-Sierra, prevalence decreased from 53% to 13% between 1953 and 1958 (AU)

Pathology and the surgical management of goitre in an endemic area initiating supplementary iodine nutrition.

UNLABELLED: Goitre in the West African sub-region is caused by iodine deficiency and goitrogens in the diet. Supplementary iodine nutrition on a mass scale was started in Ghana in 1996. In areas where iodine deficiency have been corrected the histological pattern of goitre changes and this influences surgical decision making. Data on the histological types of goitre in our institution is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To define the histopathological types of goitre in this initial period of iodine supplementation and relate this to the types of thyroid surgeries that were performed. METHODS: It was a prospective study of consecutive patients who underwent thyroidectomy from January 2003-December 2007. Descriptive statistics was employed in analyzing the data RESULTS: Five hundred and twenty eight cases were studied made up of 470 (89%) females and 58 (11%) males with mean age of 41.98 yrs, SD ± 12.90 yrs. The excised mean thyroid tissue weight was 161.4 g, SD ± 116.3 yrs. Hyperplastic goitres were 373 (70.7%), toxic goitre 70 (13.3%), adenoma 37 (7.0%), carcinoma 25 (4.7%) and thyroiditis 23 (4.4%). Papillary carcinoma accounted for 56% (14) cancers. Subtotal thyroidectomy was performed in 278 (52.7%) of patients, near total thyroidectomy 107 (20.3%), lobectomy 98 (18.6%),total thyroidectomy 24 (4.5%), excision or completion thyroidectomy 20 (3.8%) and de-bulking 1 patient. Overall, complications occurred in 32 patients (6.1%) and were made up mostly of haemorrhage in 10 (1.9%), Hypocalcaemia 10 (1.9%), unilateral Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve(RLN) injury 3 (0.57%), Tracheal collapse 3 (0.57%) and Bilateral RLN injury 2 (0.4%). CONCLUSION: The introduction of iodine supplementation on a mass scale in Ghana is yet to have its fullest impact on thyroid diseases. Goitres are still large and cause pressure effects. Toxic, inflammatory and malignant goitres are gaining prominence, and surgery for malignant goitre was oncologically inadequate.Near total thyroidectomy is recommended as the minimum surgery to avert the need for completion thyroidectomies in view of the lack of preoperative pathological diagnosis of thyroid lesions.

Persistence of goitre in the post-iodization phase: micronutrient deficiency or thyroid autoimmunity?

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Despite years of salt iodization, goitre continues to be a major public health problem worldwide. We examined the prevalence of goitre in the post-iodization phase and the relationship of goitre with micronutrient status and thyroid autoimmunity in school children of Chandigarh, north India. METHODS: Two phase study; in the first phase, 2148 children of 6 to 16 yr were screened for goitre by two independent observers as per the WHO grading system. In the second phase, a case-control study, 191 children with goitre and 165 children without goitre were compared with respect to urinary iodine, iodine content of salt, serum levels of T3, T4, TSH, anti-TPO (thyroid peroxidase) antibody, haemoglobin, ferritin and selenium. RESULTS: Prevalence of goitre in the studied subjects was 15.1 per cent (13.9% in 6 to 12 yr and 17.7% in 13 to 16 yr age group, P = 0.03). Median urinary iodine excretion in both the groups was sufficient and comparable (137 and 130 µg/l). 3.2 per cent children with goitre and 2.4 per cent without goitre had hypothyroidism (subclinical and clinical) and only one child with goitre had subclinical hyperthyroidism. Nine (4.9%) children in the goitre group and 3 (1.9%) in control group had anti-TPO antibody positivity. The median serum selenium levels were not different in both the groups (181.9 and 193.5 µg/l). Seventy one (37.4%) of the goitrous children had anaemia (haemoglobin <12 g/dl) as compared to 41 (24.8%) of the control group (P < 0.01). More number of goitrous children (39, 20.6%) were depleted of tissue iron stores (serum ferritin <12 µg/l) as compared to controls (11, 6.4%; P < 0.001). Serum ferritin level negatively correlated with the presence of goitre (r = -0.22, P = 0.008) and had an OR of 2.8 (CI 1.20-6.37, P = 0.017). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: There was a high prevalence of goitre in young children despite iodine repletion and low thyroid autoimmunity. The concurrent iron deficiency correlated with the presence of goiter. However, the cause and effect relationship between iron deficiency state and goitre requires further elucidation.

Capacidad intelectual y yodo en la dieta. Evidencias clínicas y epidemiológicas / Intellectual development and dietary iodine. Clinical and epidemiological evidence

Es bien conocido que la deficiencia de yodo causa los trastornos por déficit de yodo, entre los que se incluye el bocio endémico como abanderado del déficit nutricional en la población; no obstante, otros trastornos más sutiles, que sólo se puede diagnosticar con pruebas exploratorias específicas, incluyen una alteración en el desarrollo neurológico con pérdida de puntuación en el cociente intelectual e hipoacusia de la población que lo padece, lo cual puede condicionar un menor desarrollo social y económico. Son muchas las publicaciones que se refieren a este problema, por lo que se revisa los últimos estudios realizados en nuestro país y fuera de él que demuestran la relación entre el déficit de yodo y el desarrollo intelectual general (AU)

Insufficient iodine intake is known to cause iodine-deficiency disorders, among which is endemic goiter, one of the best-known nutritional deficiencies among the population. Nevertheless, other, more subtle disorders, which can only be diagnosed with specific tests, include alteration of neurologic development, with lower intelligence quotient scores, and hypacusis, which can lead to impaired social development and lower economic status. There are numerous reports of this problem. The present article discusses the most recent studies from Spain and elsewhere that demonstrate the association between iodine deficiency and general intellectual development (AU)

The story of the Croatian village of Rude after fifty years of compulsory salt iodination in Croatia.

The village of Rude is situated near Zagreb, the capital of Croatia in the last Alpine valley on Balkan. In the past, the village was well-known area of severe iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). In 1952', distinguished Croatian endocrinologist Professor Josip Matovinovic carried out detailed village survey. Goiter prevalence in school-age children was 85.0% (with 2.3% of cretins in the village). In 1953, the first regulation on compulsory salt iodination with 10 mg of KI/kg of salt was established in former Yugoslavia. Ten years later a dramatic decrease in goiter prevalence was recorded in all endangered areas of the country and no new cretins appeared. However, at the beginning of 1990' mild to moderate iodine deficiency still persisted in Croatia. In 1991, the village of Rude survey demonstrated goiter prevalence in school-age children of 35.0% and median of urinary iodine excretion (UIE) of 7.4 microg/dL. In 1996, the new obligatory regulation with 25 mg of KI/kg of salt was established in Croatia. The study aim was to monitor IDD status in the village after the new law on compulsory salt iodination. Measurements of UIE and thyroid volumes (Tvol) by ultrasound were performed in 7-11-y-old schoolchildren living in the village of Rude. Medians of UIE and body surface area (BSA)-adjusted Tvol in boys and girls were calculated. The study included 84 children in 1997, 132 in 2000, 72 in 2002, 85 in 2003 and 46 in 2004 for UIE measurement. Thyroid volumes were measured in 1999 (43 boys and 26 girls) and in 2005 (22 boys and 26 girls). Data were compared with the new WHO/ICCIDD reference values. Medians of UIE in schoolchildren from the village of Rude demonstrated rising values in microg/dL: 11.4 in 1997, 14.3 in 2000, 17.3 in 2002, 15.4 in 2003 and 19.0 in 2004. Significant decrease in BSA-adjusted Tvol was recorded from 1999-2005 in boys and girls from the village of Rude and in 2005 Tvol were within the normal range according to the new international reference values for Tvol in iodine-sufficient schoolchildren. As a result of increased iodine prophylaxis, IDD no longer exist in Croatia. Monitoring of IDD status in the village of Rude after new law on compulsory salt iodination in Croatia demonstrated rising medians of UIE together with significant reduction of Tvol. In 2005, Tvol in schoolchildren from the village of Rude were within the normal range according to the new international reference values for Tvol in iodine-sufficient schoolchildren.

Situación nutricional de yodo en la población escolar de Alicante / Iodine nutritional status in the school-aged population in Alicante (Spain)

Antecedentes Según la Organización Mundial de la salud (OMS), España se consideró un país afectado de endemia bociosa. El déficit de yodo es el responsable de dicha endemia además de ser la principal causa de retraso mental y parálisis cerebral evitable en el mundo. Material y métodos Estudio observacional para determinar la prevalencia de bocio endémico y el estado nutricional de yodo en la provincia de Alicante. Para ello se midió la yoduria en una muestra aislada y el volumen tiroideo mediante ecografía. Se consideró bocio todo volumen tiroideo superior al percentil 97 por edad publicado por la OMS. Resultados No se ha encontrado ningún caso de bocio. Así mismo las cifras de yoduria obtenidas también pueden ser consideradas dentro de la normalidad bajo los criterios de la OMS. Conclusiones Se puede decir que la provincia de Alicante no padece endemia bociosa y que además las cifras de yoduria demuestran una adecuada ingesta de yodo. Se evidencia la necesidad de realizar más estudios ecográficos de tiroides en otras zonas para establecer volúmenes tiroideos de referencia para nuestra población

Background According to the World Health Organization (WHO), goiter is endemic in Spain. The main cause of endemic goiter is iodine deficiency, which is also the principal cause of mental retardation and avoidable cerebral palsy throughout the world. Material and methods We conducted an observational study to determine the prevalence of endemic goiter and nutritional iodine status in the province of Alicante. Urinary iodine excretion was measured in a morning urine sample, and thyroid volume was measured by means of a thyroid ultrasound scan. A case of goiter was diagnosed if thyroid volume was above the 97th percentile adjusted by age, as published by the WHO. Results No cases of goiter were found. In addition, the median urinary iodine excretion levels adjusted by age were within the normal range, as defined by the WHO's criteria. Conclusions Endemic goiter was not found in the province of Alicante and urinary iodine excretion values demonstrated adequate iodine intake. Further ultrasound studies are needed to establish reference thyroid volumes for our population

Iodine deficiency persists in the Zanzibar Islands of Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Iodine is an essential micronutrient for normal human growth and development. It is estimated that more than 1.6 billion people live in iodine-deficient environments, yet there are still some countries and areas where the prevalence of iodine-deficiency disorders is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of iodine-deficiency disorders in the Zanzibar Islands, a community assumed to have ready access to iodine-rich seafoods. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 11,967 schoolchildren were palpated for goiter prevalence, a subsample was evaluated for urinary iodine concentration, and the availability of iodated salt was assessed at the household and retail levels. RESULTS: The mean total goiter prevalence was 21.3% for Unguja and 32.0% for Pemba. The overall median urinary iodine concentration was 127.5 microg/L. For Unguja the median was 185.7 microg/L, a higher value than the median of 53.4 microg/L for Pemba (p < .01). The household availability of iodated salt was 63.5% in Unguja and 1.0% in Pemba. The community was not aware of the iodine-deficiency problem and had never heard of iodated salt. CONCLUSIONS: The inadequate intake of iodine documented in the Zanzibar Islands belies the common assumption that an island population with access to seafood is not at risk for iodine-deficiency disorders. We urge health planners to implement mandatory salt iodation and education efforts to alleviate the situation.

Iodine nutrition improves in Latin America.

Iodine deficiency has been a public health problem in most Latin American countries. Massive programs of salt iodization have achieved great progress toward its elimination but no consistent monitoring has been applied. We used the ThyroMobil model to visit 163 sites in 13 countries and assess randomly selected schoolchildren of both genders 6-12 years of age. The median urinary iodine concentration (8208 samples) varied from 72 to 540 microg/L. One national median was below the recommended range of 100-200 microg/L; five were 100-200 microg/L, and seven were higher than 200 microg/L, including three greter than 300 microg/L. Urinary iodine concentration correlated with the iodine content of salt in all countries. Median values of thyroid volume were within the normal range for age in all countries, but the goiter prevalence varied markedly from 3.1% to 25.0% because of scatter. The median iodine content of salt from local markets (2734 samples) varied from 5.9 parts per million (ppm) to 78 ppm and was greater than 15 ppm in 83.1% of all samples. Only seven countries had higher than 15 ppm iodine in 80% of the samples, and only three had greater than 15 ppm in at least 90%. Iodized salt was available at retail level in all countries but its median iodine content was within the recommended range (20-40 ppm) in only five. This study, the first to apply a standardized assessment strategy to recent iodine nutrition in Latin America, documents a remarkable success in the elimination of iodine deficiency by iodized salt in all but 1 of the 13 countries. Some iodine excess occurs, but side effects have not been reported so far, and two countries have already decreased their legal levels of salt iodization and improved the quality control of iodized salt, in part because of our results. The present work should be followed by regular monitoring of iodine nutrition and thyroid function, especially in the countries presently exposed to iodine excess.

Iodized oil as a complement to iodized salt in schoolchildren in endemic goiter in Romania.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term efficacy and possible side effects of low doses of iodized oil on iodine nutrition and thyroid function in endemic goiter in Romania. METHODS: Random selection of 214 schoolchildren aged 6-14 years. Serial measurements of urinary iodine, thyroid volume with ultrasound, serum concentrations of thyrotropin, free thyroxine, thyroglobulin and thyroid autoantibodies before and up to 2 years after the oral administration of 200 mg iodine in iodized oil. RESULTS: Urinary iodine concentrations indicated a moderate iodine deficiency before therapy, sharply increased soon after therapy and slowly decreased thereafter but remained within the normal range up to more than 1 year after therapy. The prevalence of goiter was 29% before the administration of iodized oil and 9% 1 year later. Thyroid function tests and autoantibodies were normal before and up to 2 years after therapy. CONCLUSION: A single dose of 200 mg iodine from oral Lipiodol appears adequate and safe for correcting moderate iodine deficiency in children.

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid in an area of endemic goitre: influence of restored sufficient iodine supplementation on the clinical significance of cytological results.

OBJECTIVE: The iodine status of the population of Poland has markedly improved over the past years. The aims of this paper were: (i) to examine the diagnostic value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the thyroid in goitre endemic regions (in conditions of improved iodine supply), and (ii) to find whether the changes in iodine supply have already influenced the clinical interpretation of cytological results. METHODS: Cytological diagnoses, based on 3782 aspirates, obtained from 3572 patients during the years 1985-1999, were verified by reference to the results of postoperative examinations. The relative occurrences of selected cytological results in 1992-1999 were also compared (patients not subjected to surgery were included). RESULTS: We have found that the frequency of neoplastic lesions significantly decreased throughout the examined period (P<0.02). The ratio of the papillary carcinoma frequency to the follicular carcinoma frequency increased from 1.7 during 1992-1993 up to 8.0 during 1998-1999 (P<0.05). The frequency of cytologically diagnosed chronic thyroiditis increased from 1.5% in 1992 to 5.7% in 1999 (P<0.001); the percentage of cytological diagnosis of "follicular neoplasm" decreased during the same time (P<0.001). The risk of malignancy significantly lowered in the cytological diagnoses of "follicular neoplasm" from 15% during 1985-1993 to 6% during 1996-1999 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic value of FNAB during the period without proper iodine prophylaxis did not differ significantly from that during the last examined period. However, the changes in iodine supply have markedly and promptly affected the clinical significance of particular cytological results.

The effect of varying doses of oral iodized oil in the prophylaxis of endemic goitre in elementary schools children.

The effect of oral iodine supplementation on total goitre rate (%TGR) and urinary iodine excretion among school children 4 to 16 years of age was studied. In the first group (n = 57) 200mg oral iodized oil reduced %TGR from 31.6% to 17.5% and 33.3% to 24.6% in males and females respectively, while in the second group (n = 53), 400mg iodine reduced the %TGR from 34.0% to 20.8% in males and 35.9% to 24.5% in females after 13 months of intervention. This gave a relative indication that the 200mg is as effective as the 400mg in goitre reduction. In subsequent tests, the maximum urinary iodine excretion was obtained from the groups which received two doses of iodized oil 24 hours after the intervention. A significant (p = 0.003) greater increase in urinary iodine excretion was noted at 24 hours among both male and female children administered 400mg than among those who received 200mg. Measurements after 24 hours showed no significant difference between urinary iodine excretion of the two dose groups. These results suggest that: (i) 200mg is likely equally effective as 400mg for iodine deficiency disorders control and prevention among children and (ii) iodine could be administered annually rather than biannually.

Thyroid function of subjects with goitre and cretinism in an endemic goitre area of rural China after use of iodized salt.

Endemic goitre and cretinism are still a public health problem in China. An epidemiological survey showed that about 5% of the inhabitants in Daxin village, Henan province, had goitre or cretinism after an iodized salt prevention programme had been carried out for two decades. The main food for the inhabitants of this area has an iodine content less than 30 nmol/kg and the water for cooking and drinking has an iodine concentration between 7-12 nmol/l. We studied thyroid function in subjects of this village. There were 42 with grade 0 goitre (males 29, females 13), 42 grade I (males 23, females 19), 27 grade II (males 9, females 18), 31 grade III (males 14, females 17) and 34 cretinism patients (males 30, females 4) diagnosed and classified according to WHO criteria. Serum T4, free T4, T3, free T3, T3 uptake, TSH and thyroglobulin were measured in these subjects. The patients with goitre or cretinism had significantly decreased serum free T4 and increased serum T3 and free T3 levels compared with those of controls. Thyroid size was positively correlated with age and serum thyroglobulin concentrations. Serum thyroglobulin was significantly increased even in the grade 0 goitre subjects. The percentages of subjects with serum free T4 less than 12 nmol/l, T3 greater than 2.5 nmol/l, free T3 greater than 5.2 pmol/l, TSH greater than 3.5 mU/l, T3/T4 ratio greater than 0.03 and free T3/free T4 ratio greater than 0.36 were significantly higher among goitre and cretinism patients than among controls. The data suggest that there is partial compensation for a marginal deficiency of iodine in the inhabitants of this village.

[Diets for students of professional-technical secondary schools situated in zones of endemic goiter]. / Ratsiony pitaniia dlia uchashchikhsia professional'no-tekhnicheskikh uchilishch, raspolozhennykh v zone éndemii zoba

Menu, formulation of meals, chemical composition and calorific value embracing 10 different dietary patterns for students of vocational technical schools disposed within an area of endemic goitre are cited. In compiling the rations account has been taken of the age-specific features of the students, the physiological standard rates now in force, a collection of meals formulations and the funds allocated for alimentation in the said schools. The proposed rations may be of prophylactic importance in the foci of endemic goitre and should help strengthen the health of the students.